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真實惡意原則

(actual malice)

真實惡意原則係指行為人縱不能證明其言論內容為真實,然若能舉出相當證據資料足證其有相當理由確信其言論內容為真實者,因欠缺犯罪故意,即不得遽以誹謗罪相繩。

惟亦有論者認為,真實惡意原則係由美國聯邦最高法院在New York Times, Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964)所創設,是指官員或公眾人物指控媒體報導涉嫌誹謗或侵害名譽時,必須證明被告「明知其言論不實」(with knowledge the statement was false),或「對於其言論真實與否毫不在意」(with reckless disregard of whether the statement was false or not),是用來限縮(近乎排除)被告對官員或公眾人物誹謗或侵害名譽行為的刑、民事過失責任。再經過一些判例發展,當被告疏於查證的情況已經相當於「蓄意的迴避事實真相」(purposeful avoidance of the truth),才有可能構成真實惡意。

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