司法違憲審查
(judicial review)
司法違憲審查起源於美國，依據美國學者Abraham之定義，係指法院擁有終局的權力(ultimate power)來宣告下列事項因違憲而無法據以執行(unconstitutional and hence unenforceable)：
- 任何法律
- 任何基於法律之公務行為(official action)
違憲審查權之必要性
Alexander Hamilton 《聯邦論》第78講 (Federalist No. 78)
由憲法所授予權利的機構，其任何一項措施若是違反授權的原意，便是無效，這是再明白不過的道理，因此一切與憲法牴觸的議會法案都沒有效力。否定這點就等於是承認代理人/代表大過本人/原則，僕人高於主人，議員比人民本身優越；行使權力的人不但可以越權行動，而且可做這些權利所禁止的事情。
There is no position that depends on clearer principles, than that every act of a delegated authority, contrary to the tenor of the commission under which it is exercised, is void. No legislative act, therefore, contrary to the Constitution, can be valid. To deny this, would be to affirm, that the deputy is greater than his principal; that the servant is above his master; that the representatives of the people are superior to the people themselves; that men acting by virtue of powers, may do not only what their powers do not authorize, but what they forbid.
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